Senate Awards Wining Papers

Spatial Variation in Avian Bill Size Associated with Temperature Extremes in Australian Birds 

Researchers involved at the University of Kelaniya:

What is the Study About? 

This study investigates how the bill size of various Australian songbird species, specifically the Meliphagides, is influenced by temperature extremes. While bill morphology has been traditionally associated with feeding, new evidence suggests a crucial thermoregulatory function, where larger bills can assist in dissipating heat. The research explores whether extreme cold and hot weather conditions have led to regional adaptations in bill size to optimize thermal regulation.    

What Did the Study Do?

Using data from over 9,000 museum specimens spanning 79 Meliphagides species, researchers analyzed how bill size varied in relation to local climate extremes across Australia. Measurements included the length, width, and depth of bills, paired with climate data on temperature and humidity. By focusing on seasonal and extreme weather conditions, the study aimed to identify patterns in how bill morphology adapts to fluctuating environmental demands.     

Key Findings

Results indicate that bill size is significantly influenced by both high and low-temperature extremes, with larger bills more common in hot and humid areas, and smaller bills observed in colder, drier climates. Interestingly, the relationship between bill size and temperature extremes varied across regions, with factors such as humidity and rainfall further influencing these patterns. The findings support the theory that climate has a direct impact on avian morphology through thermoregulatory needs.   

Why Is This Important?

This research provides insights into how birds adapt physically to their environments, highlighting the importance of morphological changes in response to climate extremes. Understanding these adaptive traits is essential for predicting how species may respond to climate change, especially in managing heat and cold stress in diverse habitats.     

How This Supports Global Goals

This study contributes to the following United Nations Sustainable Development Goals:

For more detailed insights, refer to the full study: DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2480.

Validation and Calibration of a Novel GEM Biosensor for Heavy Metal Detection 

Researchers involved at the University of Kelaniya:

What is the Study About? 

This study focuses on developing a genetically engineered microbial (GEM) biosensor capable of detecting cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in low concentrations. Heavy metals like cadmium are environmental pollutants that accumulate in water and food, posing health risks. This research introduces a biosensor using genetically modified Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells, which fluoresce in the presence of target metals, thereby enabling easy and specific detection.    

What Did the Study Do?

The researchers engineered an E. coli-based biosensor by modifying the genetic structure of the bacterial cells to express green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in response to Cd, Pb, and Zn. The modified E. coli cells were tested with various concentrations of these metals, and fluorescence intensity was measured to assess detection sensitivity and specificity. The biosensor was calibrated for real-time environmental monitoring, showing a high degree of sensitivity within a range of 1–6 parts per billion (ppb) for each target metal.     

Key Findings

The GEM biosensor demonstrated effective detection of Cd, Pb, and Zn with high specificity, as it did not respond to non-target metals like iron (Fe) or arsenate. Fluorescence intensity correlated linearly with increasing metal concentrations, highlighting the biosensor's ability to provide accurate quantification. Notably, mixtures of these metals also generated detectable fluorescent signals, suggesting potential for field applications.   

Why Is This Important?

The biosensor offers a portable, cost-effective, and user-friendly tool for detecting heavy metal contamination in water and soil, providing timely data for environmental health and safety. By eliminating the need for complex laboratory equipment, it simplifies heavy metal monitoring, making it accessible for broader applications.     

How This Supports Global Goals

This study contributes to the following United Nations Sustainable Development Goals:

For more detailed insights, refer to the full study: DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00820-7.

The Link Between Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Symptoms and Perceived Stress: A Nationwide Study in Sri Lanka 

Researchers involved at the University of Kelaniya:

What is the Study About? 

This study explores the connection between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and perceived stress in Sri Lanka. GERD is a condition where stomach contents flow back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn. The research investigates the impact of stress on the frequency and severity of GERD symptoms across a representative sample of Sri Lankans.   

What Did the Study Do?

A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 1,200 participants from all 25 districts in Sri Lanka. Data on GERD symptoms were collected using a validated GERD screening tool, and perceived stress was measured using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The study analyzed the correlation between stress levels and GERD symptoms, considering demographic and lifestyle factors.    

Key Findings

The study found that participants with moderate to high stress levels had a significantly higher prevalence of GERD symptoms. The odds of experiencing GERD were almost double for those under moderate to severe stress. Symptoms like heartburn and regurgitation were more common in individuals with higher stress, suggesting a strong link between stress and GERD in the Sri Lankan population.  

Why Is This Important?

GERD affects the quality of life and can lead to serious complications if left untreated. By highlighting the role of stress in worsening GERD symptoms, this study underscores the need for stress management in treating GERD. These findings can inform public health interventions aimed at reducing stress-related health problems in Sri Lanka.    

How This Supports Global Goals

This study contributes to the following United Nations Sustainable Development Goals:

For more detailed insights, refer to the full study: DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294135.

Epidemiological Evidence of Zika Virus Transmission in Dengue-Suspected Patients in Sri Lanka 

Researchers involved at the University of Kelaniya:

What is the Study About? 

This study investigates the transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Sri Lanka, particularly in patients initially suspected of having dengue. The research, involving collaboration between the University of Kelaniya and hospitals in Kandy and Negombo, explores the presence of ZIKV during the dengue outbreaks between 2017 and 2019. It focuses on the detection of Zika virus co-circulating with dengue virus (DENV) in areas endemic to mosquito-borne diseases.   

What Did the Study Do?

A total of 595 serum samples were collected from dengue-suspected patients admitted to hospitals in Kandy and Negombo. Researchers performed molecular testing using real-time PCR to identify the ZIKV RNA and employed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to detect ZIKV-specific antibodies (IgM and IgG). Further neutralization tests were carried out to confirm the presence of ZIKV antibodies and determine the rates of ZIKV infection among these patients.    

Key Findings

The study confirmed the presence of Zika virus infections in 2.0% and 3.7% of patients in Kandy and Negombo, respectively. Co-infections with both ZIKV and DENV were observed, indicating simultaneous transmission. Most Zika cases were mild, but the study highlighted the potential for ZIKV to contribute to more severe clinical outcomes when occurring alongside dengue. This is the first substantial evidence of Zika virus circulating in Sri Lanka during a dengue outbreak.  

Why Is This Important?

Zika virus is a growing global concern due to its link to neurological complications and birth defects. This study provides critical data on the co-circulation of ZIKV and DENV in Sri Lanka, underscoring the need for improved diagnostic capabilities and public health measures. The findings call for enhanced surveillance and vector control strategies to mitigate the impact of mosquito-borne diseases in the region.    

How This Supports Global Goals

This study contributes to the following United Nations Sustainable Development Goals:

For more detailed insights, refer to the full study: DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.07.014

Understanding Microplastic Pollution Along Sri Lanka’s Coast: From Kelani River to Mahaoya 

Researchers involved at the University of Kelaniya:

What is the Study About? 

This study investigates the presence and distribution of microplastics (MPs) along the western coastline of Sri Lanka, specifically from the estuaries of the Kelani River to Mahaoya. With increasing concerns over plastic pollution, this research conducted by the University of Kelaniya focuses on analyzing the levels of MPs in beach sediments and surface seawater. The goal is to understand the scale of contamination and identify the types of plastics affecting these crucial coastal ecosystems.   

What Did the Study Do?

Researchers collected water and sediment samples from nine sites over a 42 km coastal stretch between the Kelani and Mahaoya estuaries. The study applied advanced techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), to identify and categorize the microplastics present. They analyzed the shape, size, and type of MPs found in both seawater and sediment, examining the correlation between these plastics and environmental conditions such as human activities and monsoonal changes.   

Key Findings

The study found that microplastics are widespread along the coast, with polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) being the most prevalent types. MPs were mostly found as fragments, followed by fibers and pellets. The highest concentration was observed at the Mahaoya estuary, while Dungalpitiya and other sites showed comparatively lower levels. The study also highlighted the impact of human activities such as fishing and tourism, which contribute to the accumulation of these plastics in the marine environment.   

Why Is This Important?

Microplastic pollution poses a serious threat to marine ecosystems and human health, as these plastics can be ingested by marine organisms and enter the food chain. By quantifying the types and distribution of MPs in the coastal waters of Sri Lanka, this study provides critical data that can guide policy-making and promote more sustainable waste management practices. It also emphasizes the need for urgent measures to reduce plastic waste in order to preserve coastal biodiversity and protect marine life.    

How This Supports Global Goals

This study contributes to the following United Nations Sustainable Development Goals:

For more detailed insights, refer to the full study: DOI: 10.20944/preprints202405.1431.v1 

Dengue Prediction in Gampaha: A New Model for Outbreak Prevention 

Researchers involved at the University of Kelaniya:

What is the Study About? 

This study focuses on developing a predictive model to forecast dengue outbreaks in the Gampaha District of Sri Lanka. Dengue is a serious mosquito-borne disease affecting tropical regions. The study investigates the relationships between dengue transmission, vector indices (mosquito population metrics), and environmental factors like rainfall and humidity. By understanding these dynamics, the model aims to predict future outbreaks and guide preventative actions.  

What Did the Study Do?

Researchers collected data from 2014 to 2019 across urban, suburban, and rural areas of Gampaha. They examined mosquito breeding indices and climatic factors such as rainfall and humidity. This information was used to create multiple models that predict dengue incidence based on local conditions. The models were tested to ensure accuracy across different environments, including urban, suburban, and rural settings.  

Key Findings

The study found that the Breteau Index, which measures the density of mosquito larvae, is a strong predictor of dengue outbreaks. The model showed that higher mosquito breeding during rainy periods correlates with increased dengue cases. Specifically, rural areas, where Aedes albopictus mosquitoes dominate, showed a strong association between the Breteau Index and dengue outbreaks.  

Why Is This Important?

Predicting dengue outbreaks allows health authorities to implement vector control measures early, reducing the risk of large-scale epidemics. The model helps target high-risk areas and optimize resource allocation for mosquito control, ultimately improving public health outcomes in dengue-prone regions like Gampaha.  

How This Supports Global Goals

This study contributes to the following United Nations Sustainable Development Goals:

For more detailed insights, refer to the full study: DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32326 

Improving Water Quality in Kurunegala: The Role of a New Sewage Treatment Plant

What is the Study About? 

This study examines the impact of the Greater Kurunegala Sewage Treatment Plant (GKSTP) on the water quality of city canals in Kurunegala. Urban stormwater drains collect untreated wastewater, leading to pollution problems. To address this, the GKSTP was introduced in 2018 to treat the wastewater before it is released back into the environment. The study looks at whether this plant has improved the water quality in the canals and explores the challenges it still faces. 

What Did the Study Do?

Researchers measured the water quality at seven different sites in Kurunegala's canals, comparing current conditions to those before the GKSTP was established. They tested water during both dry and wet seasons for various factors like temperature, pH, levels of dissolved oxygen, and pollutants. They aimed to see if the plant effectively improved the water quality and identified where further improvements are needed. 

Key Findings

The study found that while the GKSTP has improved water quality compared to before, the water still does not meet acceptable standards in many areas. Pollution levels are higher during the rainy season, and some sites still have high levels of organic pollutants that can harm aquatic life. Although the water quality index has improved from 35 to 49 since the plant started, it still falls short of being satisfactory. 

Why Is This Important?

Improving water quality is essential for public health, agriculture, and environmental sustainability. The GKSTP has made progress, but more work is needed to address ongoing pollution, especially during the wet season. Better management of wastewater and more extensive treatment processes are required to protect water resources and meet national quality standards. 

How This Supports Global Goals

This study contributes to the following United Nations Sustainable Development Goals:

For more detailed insights, refer to the full study: DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2024.1412717

A Novel Financial Approach to Socioeconomic Well-being: Introducing Indices for Global Socioeconomic Health

What is the Study About? 

Traditional financial markets are primarily concerned with economic metrics like GDP and stock indices. However, recent developments in the field of finance now allow us to measure a broader concept: socioeconomic well-being. Researchers from the University of Kelaniya, along with international collaborators, have developed a groundbreaking market for indices of socioeconomic well-being, offering a new tool to assess and manage the well-being of citizens worldwide.

What Did the Study Do?

This study aimed to create indices that assign a dollar value to the well-being of citizens across multiple countries, including the US, China, and Germany. These indices reflect various factors like income distribution, unemployment, and life expectancy. Researchers used advanced financial tools, such as asset pricing theory and econometric modeling, to design these indices, creating a financial market where well-being can be treated as a tradeable asset. 

Key Findings

The research revealed that these indices provide valuable insights into the socioeconomic stability of nations. For example, countries like the US showed high well-being scores, while others demonstrated vulnerabilities. The study also explored the potential for creating financial instruments, such as index-based options, that allow investors to hedge against downturns in a nation's well-being. 

Why Is This Important?

By quantifying and trading socioeconomic well-being, this innovative approach expands the scope of financial markets to include human welfare as a measurable asset. It encourages both policymakers and private investors to prioritize well-being, potentially leading to more equitable and sustainable economic policies globally. 

How This Supports Global Goals

This study contributes to the following United Nations Sustainable Development Goals:

For more detailed insights, refer to the full study: DOI: 10.3390/jrfm17010035. 

Harnessing Indigenous Plants to Combat Dengue Mosquitoes: A New Approach in Sri Lanka

What is the Study About? 

Dengue fever, a serious disease spread by mosquitoes, poses a significant threat, particularly in tropical regions like Sri Lanka. Traditional methods of mosquito control often rely on synthetic chemicals, which can cause environmental harm and lead to resistance in mosquito populations. To address this, researchers from Sri Lanka explored a more sustainable and eco-friendly solution by using plant extracts from indigenous species.

What Did the Study Do?

The research focused on three local plants: Garcinia quaesita, Garcinia zeylanica, and Coleus hadiensis. Scientists collected leaves from these plants, prepared extracts, and tested their effects on Aedes aegypti larvae, the primary vector of dengue fever. The team conducted bioassays to determine the effectiveness of these plant extracts in killing mosquito larvae.

Key Findings

The study revealed that extracts from Garcinia quaesita and Garcinia zeylanica were highly effective in reducing the mosquito larvae population, showing a dose-dependent increase in mortality. However, Coleus hadiensis did not exhibit the same larvicidal activity. The effectiveness of the Garcinia species was attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds such as saponins, flavonoids, and phenolics, which interfere with the larvae's biological processes. 

Why Is This Important?

This research offers a promising alternative to chemical insecticides, potentially reducing the environmental impact of mosquito control programs. By utilizing locally available plants, this approach not only helps in controlling the spread of dengue but also supports the bio economy by promoting the use of natural resources in disease management. 

How This Supports Global Goals

This study contributes to the following United Nations Sustainable Development Goals:

For more detailed insights, refer to the full study: DOI: 10.1111/1748-5967.12732 

Making Dairy Manure Safer for the Environment: A New Two-Stage Treatment Process

What is the Study About? 

Livestock farming is crucial for food production, but managing the waste from dairy farms can pose serious environmental challenges. When manure from livestock is not properly treated, it can pollute our soil and water, harming plants, animals, and even humans. Researchers from Saitama University and the University of Kelaniya have developed a new approach to make dairy manure safer by significantly reducing its toxicity through a two-stage treatment process.

What Did the Study Do?

The researchers tested the effects of untreated and treated dairy manure using a simple plant-based method called the Allium cepa bioassay, which uses onion roots to detect toxic substances. The treatment involved two steps: first, they added chemicals (polyaluminum chloride and cationic polyacrylamide) to the manure to help separate the solid waste from the liquid. Next, they used an electric process called electrocoagulation with either aluminum or steel electrodes to further clean the liquid.

Key Findings

The study found that the two-stage treatment significantly reduced the toxicity of the liquid part of the manure. Before treatment, the manure was highly toxic, causing a high rate of cell damage in the onion roots. However, after the treatment, the harmful effects were greatly reduced, making the liquid safer for potential reuse or disposal. This means that the process could help protect our environment from the harmful impacts of untreated livestock waste.

Why Is This Important?

Managing dairy manure effectively can help prevent pollution and protect water quality, which is essential for both ecosystems and human health. This treatment approach provides a practical solution for farmers to manage livestock waste sustainably, reducing environmental risks and supporting cleaner agricultural practices.

How This Supports Global Goals

This study contributes to several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals:

For more details, check out the full study: DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170001.